RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WOODY LANDSCAPE PLANTS TO JAPANESE
BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
By David W. Held
Abstract. The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica
Newman) was introduced to a New Jersey nursery in 1916 and continues
to spread across the United States and Canada. Adults attack
foliage, flowers, and fruit of more than 300 species of plants;
however, some plants are notably resistant. This paper summarizes data
on plant susceptibility of woody plants to Japanese beetles
collected from observations and controlled experiments. Resistance
to Japanese beetle has been documented among species of
maples (Acer) and birch (Betula) and among cultivars of crabapple
(Malus), crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia), and linden
(Tilia). Production of certain plant odors, presence of secondary compounds in
leaves, and leaf pubescence are factors affecting resistance to this
insect. Host plant resistance is the most sustainable means of
managing feeding damage or plant losses resulting from Japanese
beetle adults. When suitable, incorporating Japanese
beetleresistant plants into new landscapes can reduce or eliminate the expense
of replacing damaged plants or frequent insecticide applications.
Key Words. Popillia japonica; Japanese beetle;
integrated pest management; host plant resistance.
The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) is one of
the most damaging pests of urban landscapes in the
eastern United States. Yearly costs for management and
mitigation of damage are estimated at US$500 million
(USDA/APHIS 2002). This scarab was introduced in 1916 to the
eastern United States in infested nursery stock (Fleming 1972).
At that time, entomologists were unaware of the
pernicious nature of this species as evidenced from this quote,
"While inspecting a nursery in southern New Jersey during
August 1916, our attention was attracted by a scarabaeid
feeding on the tips of Crataegus. Inasmuch as it was assumed
to be a southern species, no particular attention to it was
paid at that time" (Dickerson and Weiss 1918). In the presence
of abundant grass and pasture land, and the apparent
absence of natural enemies, the Japanese beetle
flourished. Currently, this immigrant species partially infests or is established in
all states east of the Mississippi River except Florida, and
its range extends north into Canada (NAPIS 2003).
Adult Japanese beetles are broadly oval, 8 to 11
mm (about 0.5 in.) long, metallic green in color and
have coppery-brown wing covers. Larvae are typical white
grubs, C-shaped and cream colored, with three pairs of legs and
a
light-brown head capsule (Fleming 1972). Japanese
beetle has a 1-year life cycle, spending most of its life
underground as a grub. A small grub, about 1.5 mm (0.06 in.)
long, emerges from an egg laid 3 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in.) deep
into moist soil, typically under turfgrass. Females
alternate between periods of feeding and mating on host plants
and oviposition. During her lifetime, a female will have 12
or more egg-laying bouts and produce 40 to 60 eggs.
Once hatched, grubs feed on roots and will reach full size,
about 32 mm (1.25 in.) long, by late summer (Fleming
1972). Management of grubs is accomplished with soil
insecticides applied preventively (e.g., Merit or Mach2) before
egg hatch, or curatively (e.g., Dylox or Sevin) after small
grubs are present. Presence of grubs or grub damage may
be associated with nearby plants infested with adults;
however, females will disperse to find a suitable site for
oviposition (Fleming 1972; Potter and Held 2002).
Japanese beetle adults are active from June
through August in most of its geographic range. These beetles
are day active and mate and feed concurrently on host
plants. They can defoliate more than 300 species of woody
and herbaceous plants in 79 plant families (Fleming 1972;
Potter and Held 2002). Because of their mobility and
gregarious habits, swarms of Japanese beetle continually infest
and defoliate new plants during the growing season.
These factors can complicate control of adults, especially
when using short-residual insecticides such as
pyrethroids. Certain systemic products delivered through soil or
trunk injection are available for control of Japanese beetles
on mature, established street and residential trees;
however, that treatment may not be an option for newly
installed landscape plantings.
Use of insecticides to manage Japanese beetle can
be reduced if resistant plants are substituted for more
susceptible ones in commercial and residential
landscapes. Observations and controlled experiments indicate
that certain plant species, and even cultivars of the same
species, vary in susceptibility. For example, moderate or
complete resistance to Japanese beetle feeding is documented
for most evergreens, certain crabapples
(Malus), lindens (Tilia), maples
(Acer), birch (Betula), and
crapemyrtles (Lagerstroemia) (Fleming 1972; Ranney and
Walgenbach
1992; Spicer et al. 1995; Potter et al. 1998; Miller and
Ware 1999; Pettis et al. 2004). There is no resistance to
Japanese beetle among species or cultivars of rose
(Rosa) (Potter et al. 1998; Held and Potter 2004).
Most of the information on host susceptibility
to Japanese beetle originated from a landmark survey
summarized by W.E. Fleming (1972). This publication has
since gone out of print; however, the information
remains relevant to urban horticulture because of the
continued spread of Japanese beetles into the United States
and Canada. In his review, Fleming (1972) established a
damage rating system based on observations of plant damage
noted for each plant species in his listing. This rating system
is qualitative and assigns a relative rank to each species
based on written and oral accounts of Japanese beetle
feeding damage noted from 1920 through 1963, primarily in
the New England area (Fleming 1972).
Additional laboratory and field evaluations of
Japanese beetle susceptibility for certain horticulturally
important taxa have been further investigated by contemporaries
of Fleming. These subsequent studies compared the
percentage of defoliation of field- or container-grown plants in
a common garden type of experiment (e.g., Potter et al.
1998). Blocks of woody plants representing replicates of
each cultivar or species were subject to defoliation by
natural beetle populations during one or more years.
Additional laboratory or controlled field experiments were also used
to verify the results of field tests for crabapple (Ranney
and Walgenbach 1992; Spicer et al. 1995), crapemyrtle (Pettis
et al. 2004), and linden (Miller and Ware 1999). Besides the
field observations on Ulmus procera,
U. rubra, and U. americana in Fleming (1972), susceptibility of elm species is based
on laboratory experiments with detached leaves or defoliation
of plants caged with beetles (Miller et al. 2001). Discrepancies
in seasonal results from multi-year field evaluations have
been noted and are attributed to the relative abundance of
adults from year to year (Fleming 1972; Potter et al. 1998).
The purpose of this paper is to provide
landscape architects, professional landscape managers, and arborists
a comprehensive list of woody plants and their
relative susceptibility to Japanese beetle. Although the results of
these resistance screenings were reported in scientific or
extension publications, there has been no single source of host
plant data for Japanese beetle since Fleming (1972). This paper
has compiled the data from Fleming (1972) and amended it
with data from recent experiments to produce a
comprehensive record of plant susceptibility to Japanese beetle.
DESCRIPTION OF DATA PRESENTATION
Data are presented in table form, alphabetically by
family, then scientific name. Tables 1 and 4 use a rating to
indicate susceptibility. This rating is an adaptation of the system
used by Fleming (1972). When a plant is designated "resistant,"
it
means observed plants were either never fed on or
rarely fed on by Japanese beetles. "*" and "**" indicate plants
on which feeding has been observed but is either occasional
or light, respectively. "***" and "****" indicate plants that
are commonly fed on by Japanese beetle, resulting in
either moderate or extensive feeding damage, respectively.
Plants with the latter two ratings will likely sustain
considerable feeding damage or be completely defoliated if
Japanese beetles are present.
Qualitative ratings for Prunus
serrulata, P. serotina, and P.
virginiana came from Fleming (1972), whereas all
others were adapted from field defoliation data (Ranney
and Walgenbach 1992). In the only field study with birch
(Betula) species and cultivars, defoliation was 1% or less for all
nine taxa, except for Himalayan birch (B.
jacquemontii), which was 16% (Ranney and Walgenbach 1992). Based on these
data, most birch are not preferred hosts (Table 1), except
for Himalayan, European white, and gray, of which the
latter two were ranked as more susceptible by Fleming (1972).
Tables 2 and 3 summarize resistance among cultivars
of crapemyrtles and crabapples from field and
laboratory experiments. Susceptibility ratings for crapemyrtle
varieties are adapted from susceptibility rankings assigned by
Pettis et al. (2004). The qualitative ratings assigned to
crabapple cultivars (Table 3) were derived from three
evaluations conducted in North Carolina (Ranney and
Walgenbach 1992) and Kentucky (Spicer et al 1995; Potter et al.
1998). Relative susceptibility of the 26 cultivars common to
both sites was similar (Potter et al. 1998).
Crapemyrtle and crabapple species or cultivars are
listed under headings indicating their relative susceptibility.
As before, "resistant" indicates that observed plants were
rarely fed on. For crabapples, only those with less than
10% defoliation in field studies were assigned to this
rating. "Moderately resistant" means that beetle feeding
was observed but light. Crabapples ranked as
moderately resistant generally sustained 20% to 45% defoliation.
Plants designated "moderately susceptible" will have
noticeable damage by Japanese beetle corresponding to 50% to
70% defoliation for crabapple varieties. All plants
considered "susceptible" will be extensively damaged or
completely defoliated by Japanese beetle, equivalent to about 75%
to 100% defoliation in the crabapple field studies (Ranney
and Walgenbach 1992; Spicer et al 1995; Potter et al. 1998).
Ratings for linden taxa (Table 4) were taken
from observations in Fleming (1972), a 3-year field study of
eight Tilia spp. in Kentucky (Potter et al. 1998), and Miller
and Ware (1999), which combined laboratory feeding
assays with leaves or leaf discs, with field defoliation data of
16 genotypes in Illinois. Ratings of linden were
determined based on both studies; however, field defoliation data
were used over laboratory results if there was any
inconsistency between the relative rankings of the same variety.
Table 1. Relative susceptibility of deciduous and evergreen woody trees and shrubs to Japanese beetles.
Scientific name | Common name | Ratingz
|
Aceracea
|
Acer negundo | Boxelder | *
|
Acer palmatum | Japanese maple | ****
|
Acer platanoides | Norway maple | ****
|
Acer pseudoplatanus | Sycamore maple | **
|
Acer rubrum | Red maple | Resistant
|
Acer saccharinum | Silver maple | Resistant
|
Acer saccharum | Sugar maple | **
|
Anacardiaceae
|
Cotinus coggygria | Smoketree | *
|
Rhus copallina | Flameleaf sumac | **
|
Rhus typhina | Staghorn sumac | *
|
Aquifoliaceae
|
Ilex aquifolium | English holly | Resistant
|
Ilex cornuta | Chinese holly | Resistant
|
Ilex crenata | Japanese holly | Resistant
|
Ilex opaca | American holly | Resistant
|
Ilex verticillata | Winterberry holly | *
|
Berberidaceae
|
Berberis thunbergii | Japanese barberry | **
|
Betulaceae
|
Alnus glutinosa | Black alder | ***
|
Betula ermanii | Erman's birch | Resistant
|
Betula jacquemontii | Himalayan birch | ***
|
Betula nigra | River birch | *
|
Betula nigra 'Heritage' | Heritage river birch | *
|
Betula papyrifera | Paperbark birch | Resistant
|
Betula pendula | European white birch | ***
|
Betula platyphylla var. | Asian Whitespire birch | Resistant
|
japonica 'Whitespire'
|
Betula platyphylla | Asian Szechuan birch | Resistant
|
| var. szechuanica
|
Betula populifolia | Gray birch | ****
|
Corylus americana | American filbert | *
|
Corylus colurna | Turkish filbert | **
|
Bignoniaceae
|
Catalpa bignonioides | Southern catalpa | ***
|
Buxaceae
|
Buxus sempervirens | Common boxwood | Resistant
|
Calycanthaceae
|
Calycanthus floridus | Carolina allspice | Resistant
|
Caprifoliaceae
|
Lonicera fragrantissima | Winter honeysuckle | Resistant
|
Lonicera japonica | Japanese honeysuckle | *
|
Sambuscus canadensis | American elder | *
|
Symphoricarpos albus | Snowberry | Resistant
|
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus | Buckbrush | Resistant
|
Viburnum dentatum | Arrowwood | ***
|
Viburnum opulus | European cranberry bush | *
|
Weigela florida | Weigela | **
|
Celastraceae
|
Celastrus scandens | American bittersweet | Resistant
|
Euonymus alatus | Burning bush | *
|
Euonymus fortunei | Wintercreeper euonymus | Resistant
|
Clethraceae
|
Clethra alnifolia | Summersweet clethra | ****y
|
Cornaceae
|
Cornus florida | Flowering dogwood | Resistant
|
Scientific name | Common name | Ratingz
|
Cupressaceae
|
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana | Lawson white cedar | Resistant
|
Chamaecyparis obtuse | Hinoki cypress | Resistant
|
Chamaecyparis pisifera | Sawara cypress | Resistant
|
Chamaecyparis thyoides | Atlantic white cedar | Resistant
|
Juniperus chinesis | Chinese juniper | *
|
Juniperus communis | Common juniper | *
|
Thuja occidentalis | American arborvitae | *
|
Thuja orientalis | Oriental arborvitae | *
|
Ebenaceae
|
Diospyros virginiana | Common persimmon | *
|
Ericaceae
|
Kalmia latifolia | Mountain laurel | Resistant
|
Rhododendron catawbiense | Catawba rhododendron | *
|
Rhododendron maximum | Rosebay rhododendron | *
|
Rhododendron pericylmenoides | Pinxterbloom azalea | Resistant
|
Rhododendron viscosum | Swamp azalea | *
|
Fabaceae
|
Albizia julibrissin | Mimosa | Resistant
|
Cercis canadensis | Eastern redbud | Resistant
|
Cercis chinensis | Chinese redbud | Resistant
|
Robinia pseudoacacia | Black locust | *
|
Sophora japonica | Japanese pagoda tree | *
|
Wisteria sinensis | Chinese wisteria | ***
|
Fagaceae
|
Castanea crenata | Japanese chestnut | **
|
Castanea dentate | American chestnut | ****
|
Fagus grandifolia | American beech | **
|
Fagus sylvatica | European beech | **
|
Quercus alba | White oak | *
|
Quercus coccinea | Scarlet oak | *
|
Quercus falcata | Southern red oak | *
|
Quercus prinus | Chestnut oak | **
|
Quercus palustris | Pin oak | ***
|
Quercus rubra | Red oak | *
|
Quercus stellata | Post oak | *
|
Quercus velutina | Black oak | *
|
Ginkgoaceae
|
Ginkgo biloba | Maidenhair tree | *
|
Hamamelidaceae
|
Hamamelis virginiana | Witch hazel | *
|
Liquidambar styraciflua | American sweetgum | *
|
Hippocastaneae
|
Aesculus hippocastanum | Horsechestnut | ****
|
Aesculus parviflora | Bottlebrush buckeye | ***y
|
Hypericaceae
|
Hypericum perforatum | Common St. Johnswort | ***y
|
Juglandaceae
|
Carya glabra | Pignut hickory | *
|
Carya ovata | Shagbark hickory | *
|
Carya tomentosa | Mockernut hickory | **
|
Juglans cinerea | Butternut | *
|
Juglans nigra | Black walnut | ****
|
Lauraceae
|
Lindera benzoin | Common spicebush | ***
|
Sassafras albidum | Common sassafras | ****
|
Loganiaceae
|
Buddleia davidii | Butterfly-bush | ***y
|
Buddleia alternifolia | Alternate-leaf butterfly-bush | ***y
|
Table 1. Relative susceptibility of deciduous and evergreen woody trees and shrubs to Japanese beetles.
Scientific name | Common name | Ratingz
|
Lythraceae
|
Lagerstroemia (see Table 2) | Crapemyrtle | ****y
|
Magnoliaceae
|
Liriodendron tulipifera | Tulip poplar | Resistant
|
Magnolia grandiflora | Southern magnolia | *y
|
Magnolia ´ soulangiana | Saucer magnolia | Resistant
|
Magnolia virginiana | Sweetbay magnolia | Resistant
|
Moraceae
|
Ficus carica | Common fig | Resistant
|
Ficus elastica | Indian rubbertree | *
|
Morus rubra | Red mulberry | Resistant
|
Musaceae
|
Musa ´ paradisiacal | French plantain | *
|
Myricaceae
|
Myrica pensylvanica | Northern bayberry | **
|
Nyssaceae
|
Nyssa sylvatica | Tupelo | **
|
Oleaceae
|
Forsythia ´ intermedia | Border forsythia | Resistant
|
Forsythia suspena var. sieboldii | Weeping forsythia | Resistant
|
Fraxinus americana | White ash | Resistant
|
Fraxinus pennsylvanica | Green ash | Resistant
|
Ligustrum ovalifolium | California privet | **
|
Ligustrum vulgare | Common privet | *
|
Syringa ´ persica | Persian lilac | Resistant
|
Syringa vulgaris | Common lilac | Resistant
|
Pinaceae
|
Abies concolor | Balsam fir | Resistant
|
Larix deciduas | European larch | ***
|
Picea abies | Norway spruce | Resistant
|
Picea orientalis | Oriental spruce | Resistant
|
Pinus sylvestris | Scotch pine | Resistant
|
Pinus virginiana | Virginia pine | *
|
Pseudotsuga menziesii | Douglasfir | Resistant
|
Tsuga canadensis | Hemlock | Resistant
|
Platanaceae
|
Platanus ´ acerifolia | London planetree | ****
|
Platanus occidentalis | American planetree | ***
|
Rosaceae
|
Chaenomeles japonica | Japanese flowering quince | ***
|
Crateagus laevigata | English hawthorn | **
|
Crateagus monogyna | Singleseed hawthorn | **
|
Exochorda racemosa | Common pearlbush | **
|
Malus (see Table 3) |
|
Prunus ´ cistena | Purpleleaf sandcherry | ****
|
Prunus sargentii | Sargent cherry | ****
|
Prunus serotina | Black cherry | ****
|
Prunus serrulata | Oriental cherry | ***
|
Prunus serrulata 'Kwanzan' | Kwanzan oriental cherry | ***
|
Prunus serrulata 'Mt. Fuji' | Mt. Fuji oriental cherry | ****
|
Prunus serrulata 'Tai Haku' | Tai Haku oriental cherry | ***
|
Prunus subhirtella | 'Autumnalis Rosea' | ****
|
Prunus virginiana | Common chokecherry | **
|
Prunus ´ incamp 'Okame' | Okame cherry | ****
|
Prunus ´ yedoensis 'Afterglow' | Afterglow Yoshino cherry | ***
|
Prunus ´ yedoensis 'Akebono' | Akebono Yoshino cherry | ***
|
Pyracantha coccinea | Firethorn | *
|
Pseudocydonia sinensis | Chinese quince | ***
|
Pyrus communis | Pear | *
|
Rosa spp. and hybrids | Roses | ****y
|
Sorbus americana | American mountain ash | ****
|
Spiraea trilobata | Three-lobed spirea | **
|
Spiraea ´ vanhoutei | Vanhoutte spirea | **
|
Rubiaceae
|
Cephalanthus occidentalis | Buttonbush | ***y
|
Gardenia jasminoides | Gardenia | *
|
Rutaceae
|
Citrus sinensis | Sweet orange | ***y
|
Salicaceae
|
Populus alba | White poplar | Resistant
|
Populus alba pyramidalis | Bolleana poplar | Resistant
|
Populus nigra italica | Lombardy poplar | ****
|
Salix babylonica | Babylon weeping willow | ***
|
Salix discolor | Pussy willow | ****
|
Saxifragaceae
|
Deutzia gracilis | Deutzia | **y
|
Hydrangea arborescens | Smooth hydrangea | Resistant
|
Hydrangea paniculata | Panicle hydrangea | Resistant
|
Hydrangea petiolaris | Climbing hydrangea | *
|
Philadelphus coronaries | Mockorange | Resistant
|
Simaroubaceae
|
Ailanthus altissima | Tree of Heaven | *
|
Staphyleaceae
|
Staphylea trifolia | American bladdernut | Resistant
|
Styracaceae
|
Halesia tetraptera | Carolina silverbell | ***
|
Taxaceae
|
Taxus baccata | English yew | Resistant
|
Taxus brevifolia | Western yew | Resistant
|
Taxus canadensis | Canada yew | Resistant
|
Taxus cuspidate | Japanese yew | Resistant
|
Taxodiaceae
|
Cryptomeria japonica | Cryptomeria | *
|
Taxodium distichum | Baldcypress | ***
|
Tiliaceae (see Table 4)
|
Ulmaceae
|
Ulmus americana | American elm | ****
|
Ulmus changii | | ****
|
Ulmus lanceaefolia | | ***
|
Ulmus procera | English elm | ****
|
Ulmus prunifolia | | ***
|
Ulmus pseudopropinqua | | ***
|
Ulmus rubra | Slippery elm | **
|
Ulmus taihangshanensis | | ****
|
Ulmus wallichiana | | ****
|
Verbenaceae
|
Callicarpa dichotoma | Purple beautyberry | Resistant
|
Lantana camara | Lantana | Resistant
|
zPlants designated "resistant" are never fed on or rarely fed on by Japanese beetles. "*" and "**" indicate plants on which feeding has been observed but is either occasional or light, respectively. "***" and "****" indicate plants that are commonly fed on by Japanese beetle, resulting in either moderate or extensive feeding damage, respectively.
yFlowers of these species are also fed on by Japanese beetles.
Table 2. Relative susceptibility of crapemyrtles to
Japanese beetles.
Resistant
|
'Acoma' | 'Pocomoke'
|
Moderately resistant
|
'Biloxi' | 'Cordon Bleu' | 'Potomac'
|
'Catawba' | 'Lipan' | 'Sioux'
|
'Chicksaw' | 'Muskogee' | 'Tuskegee'
|
'Choctaw' | 'Osage' | 'Wichita'
|
'Comanche' | 'Pink Velour'
|
Moderately susceptible
|
'Apalachee' | 'Hope' | 'Seminole'
|
'Byers Standard Red' | 'Hopi' | 'Tonto'
|
'Byers Wonderful White' | 'Miami' | 'Tuscarora'
|
'Carolina Beauty' | 'Natchez' | 'Velma's Royal Delight'
|
'Centennial' | 'Ozark Springs' | 'Victor'
|
'Centennial Spirit' | 'Pecos' | 'William Toovey'
|
'Dynamite' | 'Powhatan' | 'World's Fair'
|
'Hardy Lavender' | 'Raspberry Sundae' | 'Yuma'
|
Susceptible
|
'Red Rocket' | 'Regal Red' |
Table 3. Relative susceptibility of crabapples to Japanese beetles.
Resistant
|
Malus baccata Jackii | 'Harvest Gold' | 'Strawberry Parfait'
|
Malus hupehensis | 'Jewelberry'
|
'Golden Raindrops' | 'Louisa'
|
Moderately resistant
|
'Adirondack' | Malus halliana var. parkmanii | 'Red Jewel'
|
'Baskatong' | Malus tschonoski | Malus sargentii
|
'Bob White' | 'Madonna' | 'Sentinel'
|
'Brandywine' | 'Molten Lava' | 'Silver Moon'
|
'Callaway' | 'Naragansett' | 'Snowdrift'
|
'Centurion' | 'Ormiston Roy' | 'Sugar Tyme'
|
'Christmas Holly' | 'Professor Sprenger' | 'Wintergold'
|
'David' | 'Profusion' | Malus ´ zumi 'Calocarpa'
|
'Doubloons' | 'Ralph Shay' | Malus ´ zumi 'Winter' 'Gem'
|
'Edna Mullins' | 'Red Jade'
|
Moderately susceptible
|
'Adams' | 'Indian Magic' | 'Ruby Luster'
|
'Beverly' | 'Indian Summer' | 'Selkirk'
|
'Candymint Sargent' | 'Mary Potter' | 'Sinai Fire'
|
'Coralburst' | 'Pink Princess' | 'Snow Magic'
|
'Donald Wyman' | 'Purple Prince' | 'Tina'
|
Malus floribunda | 'Red Baron' | 'White Angel'
|
'Henningii' | 'Robinson'
|
Susceptible
|
Malus baccata | 'Liset' | 'Royalty'
|
'Dolgo' | 'Radiant' | 'Velvet Pillar'
|
'Hopa' | 'Red Splendor' | 'Weeping Candied Apple' |
Table 4. Relative susceptibility of lindens to
Japanese beetles evaluated in laboratory or field experiments.
Scientific name | Common name/cultivar | Ratingz
|
Tilia amurensis | | **
|
Tilia americana | | *
|
Tilia americana | 'Legend' | **
|
| 'Redmond' | ***
|
Tilia caroliniana | | *
|
Tilia chinesis | | **
|
Tilia cordata | 'Chancellor' | ***
|
| 'Fairview' | **
|
| 'Glenleven' | **
|
| 'Greenspire' | ****
|
| 'Olympic' | ****
|
| 'Prestige' | ***
|
Tilia ´ euchlora | | ***
|
Tilia heterophylla | 'Continental Appeal' | **
|
Tilia japonica | | *
|
Tilia maximowicziana | | **
|
Tilia mongolica | | **
|
Tilia oliveri | | *
|
Tilia orbicularis | | ***
|
Tilia petiolaris | Pendent silver linden | *
|
Tilia platyphyllos | Largeleaf linden | ***
|
Tilia platyphyllos | 'Parade' | *
|
Tilia tomentosa | | **
|
Tilia tomentosa | 'Erecta' | **
|
Tilia tomentosa | 'Sterling' | **
|
Tilia sp. | 'Sundance' | *
|
z "*" and "**" indicate plants on which feeding has been observed but is either occasional or light, respectively. "***" and "****" indicate plants that are commonly fed on by Japanese beetle, resulting in either moderate or extensive feeding damage, respectively.
DISCUSSION
Susceptibility of plants to Japanese beetle should be
one factor, among many, considered when selecting
plants, particularly long-lived woody plants, for residential
and commercial landscapes. Resistance of one plant species
to Japanese beetle does not necessarily imply resistance
to other plant-feeding insects or plant pathogens (Smitley
and Peterson 1993; Pettis et al. 2004). For example,
the crapemyrtle varieties 'Tonto' and 'Tuscarora' are
moderately susceptible to Japanese beetle, but the same varieties
are resistant to metallic flea beetles (Altica
spp.), an important pest of crapemyrtle in production (Pettis et al. 2004).
Resistance of woody host plants to Japanese beetle
is probably mediated by the presence or absence of
deterrent compounds found in the foliage (Keathley et al. 1999;
Potter and Held 2002). Control products containing certain
plant extracts, such as neem (azadirachtin), can effectively
deter feeding in laboratory choice tests (Ladd et al. 1978; Held
et al. 2001) but often fail to provide similar protection
when tested on whole plants in the field (Harper and Potter
1994;
Witt et al. 1999). Abundant field populations, however,
will reduce the efficacy of both conventional and
botanical insecticides because of additional adults re-infesting
treated plants.
Elms and lindens are considered preferred hosts for
the Japanese beetle. Among elms, only U.
lancefolia and U. prunifolia were slightly less susceptible than the other
species (Miller et al. 2001). Although no lindens are
resistant, varieties such as 'Parade', 'Legend', and 'Sterling' appear
to be less susceptible (Potter et al. 1998). Moderate to
dense leaf pubescence may be an important factor in
susceptibility of linden and elm to Japanese beetle. For example, foliage
of T. platyphyllos 'Parade', T. tomentosa
'Sterling', and U. lamellose have heavy pubescence and is less preferred by
Japanese beetle (Potter et al. 1998; Miller and Ware 1999; Miller et
al. 2001). Conversely, certain plants, such as species of
Ilex and Rhododendron, with waxy or glossy foliage are also
resistant to Japanese beetle (Fleming 1972; Keathley et al. 1999).
Plants with purplish or deep red foliage (e.g.,
'Crimson King' Norway maple) are often observed to sustain
more damage by Japanese beetle than green-leaved
cultivars (Rowe et al. 2002). Foliage color alone, however, does
not account for these differences. When two artificial ficus
trees with foliage painted either green or purple are placed
side by side in the field, significantly more beetles land on
the green-leaved plants (Rowe et al. 2002). Flower
color, however, does influence susceptibility of flowering plants
to Japanese beetle. Rose varieties with yellow or white
flowers are more likely to be attacked than those with
darker-colored blooms (Held and Potter 2004).
Resistance of certain plants to Japanese beetle
also depends on the production of attractive volatile
compounds following damage by Japanese beetle or other
plant-feeding insects (Loughrin et al. 1995). Japanese beetles use a
wide range of floral and fruitlike compounds to locate a
host plant (Fleming 1972; Loughrin et al. 1995, 1996).
Laboratory tests show that Japanese beetle often cannot
discriminate among foliage of plants that differ in susceptibility
in the field (Loughrin et al. 1995, 1996). This finding
indicates that Japanese beetles are attracted to plants regardless
of their status as a host (Potter and Held 2002). However,
if susceptible plants suffer feeding damage, they produce
an array of attractive volatiles that serve as
aggregation stimulants for Japanese beetle (Loughrin et al. 1995,
1996). Therefore, a susceptible plant in the field may not
be inherently more attractive, but, if damaged, these
plants produce the volatiles that recruit Japanese beetles much
like sharks attracted to a blood trail in the water.
Host plant resistance is the most sustainable means
of managing feeding damage or plant losses resulting
from Japanese beetle adults. Landscape designers in states on
the front of this insect's range expansion should
consider incorporating resistant plants into residential,
commercial,
and municipal landscapes as well as any other
long-term plantings. This approach can reduce the economic
and environmental costs associated with the repeated use
of insecticides to prevent or reduce damage to urban
landscapes in the future.
LITERATURE CITED
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Fleming, W.E. 1972. Biology of the Japanese
beetle. Technical Bulletin 1449 of the United States
Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC. 129 pp.
Harper, C., and D.A. Potter. 1994. Deterrence of
neem-based insecticides to Japanese beetles in six
preferred host plants. Proc. S. Nurs. Res. Conf. 39:6063.
Held, D.W., and D.A. Potter. 2004. Floral
characteristics influence susceptibility of hybrid tea
roses (Rosa ´ hybrida) to Japanese beetles. J. Econ. Entomol. 97:353360.
Held, D.W., T. Eaton, and D.A. Potter. 2001. Potential
for habituation to a neem-based feeding deterrent
in Japanese beetles, Popillia
japonica. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 101:2532.
Keathley, C.P., D.A. Potter, and R.L. Houtz. 1999.
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beetle: Evidence for decompartmentalization and
enzymatic degradation of feeding deterrents. Entomol. Exp.
Appl. 90:4959.
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feeding deterrents. J. Econ. Entomol. 71:810813.
Loughrin, J.H., D.A. Potter, and T.R. Hamilton-Kemp.
1995. Volatile compounds induced by herbivory acts
as aggregation kairomones for the Japanese beetle
(Popillia japonica Newman). J. Chem. Ecol. 21:145767.
Loughrin, J.H., D.A. Potter, T.R. Hamilton-Kemp, and
M.E. Byers. 1996. Volatile compounds from
crabapple cultivars (Malus spp.) differing in susceptibility to
the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman). J. Chem.
Ecol. 22:12951305.
Miller, F., and G. Ware. 1999. Feeding preferences for
selected Tilia spp. and cultivars by the adult Japanese
beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J. Arboric. 25:168173.
Miller, F., G. Ware, and J. Jackson. 2001. Preference
of temperate Chinese elms (Ulmus spp.) for the
adult Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J.
Econ. Entomol. 94:445448.
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(NAPIS). 2003. Pest Tracker Invasive Insect: Japanese
Beetle, Popillia japonica.
www.ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/jb
(accessed 9/16/04).
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Pounders. 2004. Potential resistance of crape myrtle cultivars
to flea beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and
Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) damage. J.
Econ. Entomol. 97:981992.
Potter, D.A., and D.W. Held. 2002. Biology and
management of the Japanese beetle. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 47:175205.
Potter, D.A., P.G. Spicer, D. Held, and R.E. McNiel.
1998. Relative susceptibility of cultivars of
flowering crabapples, lindens, and roses to defoliation by
Japanese beetles. J. Environ. Hortic. 16:105110.
Ranney, T.G., and J.F. Walgenbach. 1992.
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cherry, and crabapple. J. Econ. Entomol. 88:846854.
Rowe, W.J. II, D.A. Potter, and R.E. McNiel.
2002. Susceptibility of purple- versus green-leaved cultivars
of woody landscape plants to the Japanese beetle. HortScience 37:362366.
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of selected crabapple cultivars for insect resistance.
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Acknowledgments. I thank P. Knight, C. Pounders, and
B. Layton (Mississippi State University) for helpful comments on
an earlier draft of this manuscript. I also acknowledge the authors
of the numerous field and laboratory evaluations of host plants
of Japanese beetles whose careful observations provide the
backbone of this review. This paper is no. J10525 of the Mississippi
State Agricultural Experiment Station.
Assistant Professor of Entomology
Mississippi State University
Coastal Research and Extension Center
1815 Popps Ferry Road
Biloxi, MS 39532, U.S.
Zusammenfassung. Der japanische Käfer
Popillia japonica Newman wurde 1916 in eine Baumschule in
New Jersey eingeführt und breitet sich nach Norden und
Osten quer durch die Vereinigeten Staaten aus. Die
Erwachsenen attackieren Blätter, Blüten und Früchte von mehr als
300 Arten, dennoch sind einige resistent geblieben.
Dieses Papier erfasst die Daten der für diesen Käfer
anfälligen Gehölze, die aus Beobachtungen und
kontrollierten Experimenten stammen. Eine Resistenz gegenüber Jap.
Käfer wurde bei einigen Ahornarten , Birken, einigen
Kultivaren von Malus, Lagerstroemia und
Tilia dokumentiert. Die Pro-duktion bestimmter Pflanzengerüche, Präsenz
sekundärer Inhaltstoffe in den Blättern und behaarte Blätter
sind Faktoren, die die Resistenz gegenüber diesem
Insekt beeinflussen. Die Resistenz der Wirtspflanze ist die
meist-zuerhaltene Mittel um Fraßschäden oder
Pflanzenverluste durch den Käfer zu managen. Wenn möglich kann
die Inkorporation resistenter Pflanzen in neue Landschaften
die Ausgaben für die Ersatzpflanzungen beschädigter
Gehölze reduzieren und die Insektizidanwendungen minimieren.
Resumen. El escarabajo japonés,
Popillia japonica Newman, fue introducido a New Jersey en 1916, y
continúa esparciéndose al norte y este a través de los Estados
Unidos. Los adultos atacan el follaje, flores y frutos de más de
300 especies de plantas. Sin embargo, algunas plantas
son notablemente resistentes. Este reporte resume los datos
sobre la susceptibilidad de plantas leñosas a los
escarabajos japoneses colectados de observaciones y
experimentos controlados. La resistencia al escarabajo japonés ha
sido documentada entres especies de maples
(Acer), abedules (Betula) y entre cultivares de manzanos
(Malus), astronómicas
(Lagerstroemia) y tilos (Tilia). La producción de ciertos
olores
por las plantas, presencia de componentes secundarios en
las hojas y pubescencia de las mismas son factores que afectan
la resistencia a estos insectos. La resistencia de las
plantas hospederos es el medio más sustentable de manejo del daño
o pérdida de plantas resultante de los escarabajos
japoneses adultos. Cuando se desea, la incorporación de
plantas resistentes en nuevos escenarios puede reducir o eliminar
los gastos de reemplazo de plantas dañadas o las
aplicaciones frecuentes de insecticidas.
Résumé. Le scolyte japonais
(Popillia japonica Newman) a été introduit dans une pépinière du New Jersey en 1916
et continue depuis de s'étendre vers le nord et l'est des
États-Unis. Les adultes attaquent le feuillage, les fleurs et les
fruits de plus de 300 espèces de plantes, mais certaines
plantes demeurent résistantes de manière notable. Cet article fait
un résumé des données recueillies sur la susceptibilité
des plantes ligneuses aux scolytes japonais, et ce à partir
de d'observations et d'expériences contrôlées. La résistance
au scolyte japonais a été documentée parmi des espèces
des genres Acer, Betula et sur certains cultivars de
Malus, de Lagerstroemia et de
Tilia. La production de certaines odeurs par les plantes, la présence de composés secondaires
dans les feuilles et la pubescence foliaire sont des facteurs
qui affectent la résistance à cet insecte. La résistance de
la plante hôte est le moyen le plus efficace pour gérer
les dommages par causés par l'alimentation ou encore
les pertes de végétaux résultants des scolytes japonais
adultes. Lorsque cela est possible, l'incorporation de
plants résistants au scolyte japonais dans les nouveaux aménagements
peut réduire ou éliminer les dépenses pour le remplacement
de végétaux endommagés ou les applications
fréquentes d'insecticide.